HOW THE CARDIOTONIC PILL CAN IMPROVE THE MICRO- CIRCULATION OF THE PITUITARY GLAND; IMPORTANT IN THE FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNITY SYSTEM

The hypothalamus is a region of the brain that controls an immense number of bodily functions. It is located in the middle of the base of the brain, and encapsulates the ventral portion of the third ventricle. The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is a roundish organ that lies immediately beneath the hypothalamus, resting in a depression of the base of the skull called the sella turcica ("Turkish saddle"). In an adult human or sheep, the pituitary is roughly the size and shape of a garbonzo bean. The image to the right shows these anatomical relationships in the Visible Woman (click on the image to see a larger, unlabeled image). Careful examination of the pituitary gland reveals that it composed of two distinctive parts: The anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis is a classical gland composed predominantly of cells that secrete protein hormones. The posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis is not really an organ, but an extension of the hypothalamus. It is composed largely of the axons of hypothalamic neurons which extend downward as a large bundle behind the anterior pituitary. It also forms the so-called pituitary stalk, which appears to suspend the anterior gland from the hypothalamus. The image to the right shows a frontal view of a sheep pituitary gland and hypothalamus. The posterior gland can be seen peeking out behind the anterior gland; pass your mouse cursor over the image for labels (image courtesy of Dr. Terry Nett). The anterior and posterior pituitary have separate embryological origins. In many mammals, there is also an intermediate lobe (pars intermedia) between the anterior and posterior pituitary. A key to understanding the endocrine relationship between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary is to appreciate the vascular connections between these organs. As will be emphasized in later sections, secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is under strict control by hypothalamic hormones. These hypothalamic hormones reach the anterior pituitary through the following route: A branch of the hypophyseal artery ramifies into a capillary bed in the lower hypothalamus, and hypothalmic hormones destined for the anterior pituitary are secreted into that capillary blood. Blood from those capillaries drains into hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal veins. Portal veins are defined as veins between two capillary beds; the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal veins branch again into another series of capillaries within the anterior pituitary. Capillaries within the anterior pituitary, which carry hormones secreted by that gland, coalesce into veins that drain into the systemic venous blood. Those veins also collect capillary blood from the posterior pituitary gland. This pattern of vascular connections is presented diagramatically below. Note also the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal vessels in the image of a real pituitary gland seen above. The utility of this unconventional vascular system is that minute quantities of hypothalamic hormones are carried in a concentrated form directly to their target cells in the anterior pituitary, and are not diluted out in the systemic circulation.

HOW THE CARDIOTONIC PILL CAN IMPROVE THE MICRO- CIRCULATION OF THE PITUITARY GLAND; IMPORTANT IN THE FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNITY SYSTEM

What is a Hypothalamic Hamartoma? The tiny hypothalamus serves as the Health Maintenance Organization of the body, regulating its homeostasis, or stable state of equilibrium. The hypothalamus also generates behaviors involved in eating, drinking, general arousal, rage, aggression, embarrassment, escape from danger, pleasure and copulation. It does an amazing number of housekeeping chores for such a small piece of tissue. Its lateral and anterior parts seem to support activation of the parasympathetic nervous system: drop in blood pressure; slowing of pulse; and regulation of digestion, defecation, assimilation, and reproduction in such a way as to contribute on the whole to rest and recovery. The medial and posterior hypothalamus regulate activation: acceleration of pulse and breathing rates, high blood pressure, arousal, fear and anger. Stimulation of specific groups of cells in these areas can elicit pure behaviors. For example, rats placed in an experimental situation where they can press a lever to stimulate a pleasure center will do so to the exclusion of eating and drinking. Stimulation of another area can produce rage. 1. Hypothalamus = Homeostasis The main function of the hypothalamus is homeostasis, or maintaining the body's status quo. Factors such as blood pressure, body temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance, and body weight are held to a precise value called the set-point. Although this set-point can migrate over time, from day to day it is remarkably fixed. To achieve this task, the hypothalamus must receive inputs about the state of the body, and must be able to initiate compensatory changes if anything drifts out of whack. The inputs include: nucleus of the solitary tract - this nucleus collects all of the visceral sensory information from the vagus and relays it to the hypothalamus and other targets. Information includes blood pressure and gut distension. reticular formation - this catchall nucleus in the brainstem receives a variety of inputs from the spinal cord. Among them is information about skin temperature, which is relayed to the hypothalamus. retina - some fibers from the optic nerve go directly to a small nucleus within the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus. This nucleus regulates circadian rhythms, and couples the rhythms to the light/dark cycles. circumventricular organs - these nuclei are located along the ventricles, and are unique in the brain in that they lack a blood-brain barrier. This allows them to monitor substances in the blood that would normally be shielded from neural tissue. Examples are the OVLT, which is sensitive to changes in osmolarity, and the area postrema, which is sensitive to toxins in the blood and can induce vomiting. Both of these project to the hypothalamus. limbic and olfactory systems - structures such as the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the olfactory cortex project to the hypothalamus, and probably help to regulate behaviors such as eating and reproduction. The hypothalamus also has some intrinsic receptors, including thermoreceptors and osmoreceptors to monitor temperature and ionic balance, respectively. Once the hypothalamus is aware of a problem, how does it fix it? Essentially, there are two main outputs: neural signals to the autonomic system - the (lateral) hypothalamus projects to the (lateral) medulla, where the cells that drive the autonomic systems are located. These include the parasympathetic vagal nuclei and a group of cells that descend to the sympathetic system in the spinal cord. With access to these systems, the hypothalamus can control heart rate, vasoconstriction, digestion, sweating, etc. endocrine signals to/through the pituitary - recall that an endocrine signal is a chemical signal sent via the bloodstream. Large hypothalamic cells around the third ventricle send their axons directly to the posterior pituitary, where the axon terminals release oxytocin and vasopressin into the bloodstream. Smaller cells in the same area send their axons only as far as the base of the pituitary, where they empty releasing factors into the capillary system of the anterior pituitary. These releasing factors induce the anterior pituitary to secrete any one of at least six hormones, including ACTH and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Ultimately the hypothalamus can control every endocrine gland in the body, and alter blood pressure (through vasopressin and vasoconstriction), body temperature, metabolism (through TSH), and adrenaline levels (through ACTH). In the news lately: The hypothalamus controls body weight and appetite, but it is not entirely clear how. Sensory inputs, including taste, smell, and gut distension, all tell the hypothalamus if we are hungry, full, or smelling a steak. Yet it is mysterious how we are able to vary our eating habits day to day and yet maintain about the same weight (sometimes despite all efforts to the contrary!) . The "set-point" theory is an old one in diet science, but until recently the mechanics of maintaining that set point were unknown. It appears that there is an endocrine component to the appetite system. Recent studies in mice have shown that the fat cells of normal overfed mice will release a protein called leptin (or OB, after the gene name), which reduces appetite and perks up metabolism. Leptin is presumably acting on the hypothalamus. Underfed mice, on the other hand, produce little or no leptin, and they experience an increase in appetite and a decrease in metabolism. In both of these mice, the result is a return to normal weight. But what would happen if a mouse (or human) had a defective OB gene? Weight gain would never trigger fat cells to release leptin, the hypothalamus would never slow the appetite or increase metabolism, and the mouse would slowly but surely become obese (how the gene got its name). Sure enough, shortly after these experiments hit the news, the human OB gene was discovered and a few obese patients were found to have the mutation. Many more obese patients had normal OB genes, however, indicating that there is much more to the story yet to be discovered. Peter Mwaura Mutiti: Mobile +254-723-024-871 e-mail: petermwaura@active.ws site: http://petermwaura.active.ws

WOMEN WITH SHORT LEGS MAY HAVE A HIGHER RISK OF LIVER DISEASE

WASHINGTON (Reuters) Women with short legs may have a higher risk of liver disease, probably caused by either diet or other factors early in life, British researchers reported on Monday. Their study of 3,600 women showed that the shorter a woman's legs were, the more likely she was to have signs of liverdamage. The findings fit in with other studies linking leg length with diabetes and heart disease, Abigail Fraser of the University of Bristol and colleagues said, "Adult liver function is affected by early life environmental exposures as reflected in leg length, and this may suggest common childhood influences on liver development and adult risk of diabetes and coronary heart disease," they wrote. Fraiser's team looked at women aged 60 to 79 who were taking part in a larger health study.They measured their leg length as compared to trunk length and also measured four liver enzymes: alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase. "Each of these markers reflects a different aspect of potential liver damage," they wrote in their report, published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. Leg length can point to how well a person was nourished in early childhood. "In particular, evidence shows that breast-feeding, high-energy intake at four years and childhood affluent socioeconomic position are all associated with longer adult leg length," Fraser's team wrote. The findings held even when Fraser's team took into account smoking, drinking and other behaviours that can damage a person's liver. (Reporting by Maggie Fox; editing by Mohammad Zargham). How To Protect Yourself Against Liver Damage A study published in the July 5th, 2006 edition of the Journal of the American Medical Association indicates that taking the maximum recommended dose of Tylenol (acetaminophen) for fourteen consecutive days can cause acute liver damage. Medical researchers who co-ordinated this study had 106 participants take 4 grams of acetaminophen (the equivalent of eight 500 mg tablets of extra-strength Tylenol) every day for two weeks. Thirty-nine participants received placebo pills.The key results were as follows:Among the participants who took acetaminophen, almost 40 percent showed signs of acute liver damage.Those who showed signs of acute liver damage continued to show signs of liver stress four days after they stopped taking acetaminophen; it took a full eleven days for their liver enzymes to return to normal levels. Why is your liver so susceptible to damage by acetaminophen? Because almost everything that enters your mouth, travels down your digestive tract, and gets absorbed into your blood stream must travel directly to and through your liver before it travels through the rest of your circulatory system.Your liver acts as a processing plant. It receives everything that you put into your mouth and that ends up in your blood stream, does its best to sort out useful nutrients and harmful substances, and then packages these nutrients and harmful substances to be delivered to your cells and eliminated from your body, respectively. When certain drugs like those that contain acetaminophen reach your liver for processing, they can cause direct injury to your liver cells, sparking an inflammatory reaction that leads to increased production of liver enzymes, which a standard blood test can detect. If your liver cells are injured repeatedly, they can go through a series of degenerative changes, the last ones being cirrhosis (hardening) and cancer of the liver. Medical drugs that list liver damage as a potential "side" effect and all forms of alcohol are the two groups of substances that can most efficiently and predictably cause liver damage in the fashion described above. Protecting yourself against liver damage must begin with avoidance of said medical drugs (whenever possible and under the guidance of your doctor) and alcohol. It's true that not everyone who takes medical drugs and drinks alcohol regularly over many years ends up with irreversible liver damage. Genetics and lifestyle changes can help to ward off liver damage despite a history of alcohol and drug use. Still, you should be aware that any amount of these two substances can and do heap unnecessary stress onto your liver cells. Beyond doing your best to avoid drugs and alcohol, here are some additional steps that you can take to protect yourself against liver damage:Stay away from foods that are high in unhealthy fats and/or sugar. Donuts, deep fried fast food, and soda are three of the worst foods for your liver. And yes, chicken McNuggets and McChicken sandwiches are deep fried.Eat mainly fresh, minimally processed foods. Focus on green vegetables and produce that comes in rich colors like field tomatoes, carrots, avocado, mango, blueberries, and blackberries. These richly colored fruits and vegetables contain naturally occurring antioxidants that can help to protect your liver cells against physical injury. Use extreme caution and common sense when it comes to being physically intimate with another person. Hepatitis B and C are viruses that can cause significant liver damage. These viruses live in all body fluids, including blood and seminal fluids.Be aware that hepatitis C is most commonly spread via blood, and can be acquired through contaminated needles used for IV drug injections, body piercing, and tattooing. Strive to stay away from chemicals of all types, particularly pesticide and insecticide sprays, which can inflict direct damage to your liver cells once they make their way into your blood stream. Many chemicals are capable of entering your blood stream through your skin, so try to use on your skin only those products that you feel comfortable eating. One final note: if you rely on regular intake of acetaminophen to deal with intolerable pain, I encourage you to try taking a high quality cod liver oil or fish oil for their omega-3 fatty acids, which can be extremely effective at decreasing inflammation. Tasly products to help you have a healthier liver: Tasly Cerebral Care Granules Tasly Cerebralcare Granules is a new generation herbal food supplement which Improves Mental alertness - Revives vital energy It is beneficial for overcoming various types of headache, improves soft brain membrane micro-circulation, increases blood flow to the brain and prevents vascular spasm. INDICATIONS Its main indications being preventing headache due to hypertension, tension due to stress, menopausal headache, periodic headache, migraine and etc. In other word, it is excellent for relieving various headaches by dual effects (overcoming the cause and symptom as well) and rapidly improving micro-blood circulation in the brain. Thus effectively reduces occurrence of headache. I Specification: 4g X 20 sachets Dosage: 1 sachet per time, 1 to 2 times per day, taken with lukewarm water Accreditation:Cerebralcare Granules had the China National New Medicine Certificate in 1996. While in 1999, it has been listed in China National Fundamental Medicine Catalogue. In the same year, the product received National Invention Patent and a year later in 2000; it was listed in the National Protective Medicine Catalogue. Tasly Omega-3 Fatty Acid Capsule Has been proven to be vitally important in human health, growth and development. Generally speaking, their functions in human body include: 1. Omega-3 is an essential part for the cellular membrane to remain function. A shortage of Omega-3 reduces the ability of cells to efficiently perform their functions, accordingly leads to nutrient starvation and chronic illnesses. 2. Eicosanoids, the most critical of which are prostaglandins, are also converted by Omega-3. Prostaglandins are important for the regulation of inflammation, pain, blood pressure, heart function, gastrointestinal function and secretions, kidney function transmission, steroid production and hormone synthesis. Lacking or unbalanced of Omega-3 leads to dysfunction of these vital bodily activities. 3. DHA has been identified as an essential building block of brain, nerve and eye tissue. It is especially important to the development of an infant's visual acuity. 4. EPA diminishes inflammation and blood clots within the cardiovascular system. 5. DPA, as the effective agent, is almost as important as either DHA or EPA Tasly Omega-3 Fatty Acid Capsule refined from Harp seal Oil includes the essential fatty acid Alpha-linolenic acid and its longer chain metabolites (DHA-Docosahexaenoic Acid, DPA-Docosapentaenoic Acid & EPA- Eicosapentaenoic Acid). And that has more DPA which is special in protecting and repairing blood vessels, reducing coronary artery diseases of women. People of all ages can benefit from it. Nutritional Information: Each capsule (500mg) contains DHA 210mg, EPA 180mg, DPA 90mg, which is refined from Harp Seal Oil. Dosage: 1 Capsule, two times a day                                Peter Mwaura Mutiti            Mobile: +254-723-024-871            Web-Blog: http://petermwaura.active.ws            E-mail: petermwaura@active.ws